Maverick Philosopher

Nihil philosophicum a me alienum puto

To promote independent thought about ultimates. Philosophy, commentary on the passing scene, and whatever else turns my crank. Since 4 May 2004. By William F. Vallicella, Ph.D., Gold Canyon, Arizona, USA. Motto: "Study everything, join nothing." (Paul Brunton) Latin Motto: Omnia mea mecum porto. Turkish motto: Yol bilen kervana katilmaz. (He who knows the road does not join the caravan.) All material copyrighted.

Heidegger's Reduction of Being to Truth

This old article of mine (here in pdf format)is apparently being used in a graduate course on Heidegger. Amazing what one can find while on ego surfari. There are people who say that no one reads the philosophy journals. False. If my articles get read and studied (see the underlining in the above photocopy), then a fortiori for those of rather more distinguished thinkers.

Posted by William F. Vallicella on Monday February 26, 2007 at 9:22am
Kevin Winters (mail) (www):
An interesting paper, but I think you missed the most important text in Sein und Zeit that contradicts your argument: "As we have noted, being (not entities) is dependent upon the understanding of being; that is to say, reality (not the real) is dependent upon care" (H212). Insofar as "being" is the "being of beings" and that being is not itself a being, the distinction can hold without creating a contradiction.

While you countenance this possible interpretation, you then say that Heidegger contradicts it by saying that "now, while Dasein exists, it can be said that this can truly be said." But this doesn't contradict his earlier claim: insofar as truth is the uncovering of beings in their being and we remember the ontological difference, then any truth (uncovering) is simultaneously about beings themselves (i.e. it is not only about one aspect of the ontological difference, but both).

In his later thought this is seen in the counter-essence of truth, namely untruth (covering)--every uncovering is also a covering such that there is always an excess or remainder about which we can refer, but we cannot say anything positive about it (or else it would then be uncovered and something else would be covered over). This is the later Heidegger's understanding of being as "nothing," as the positive plentitude that is not anything (the ontological difference), but which is the ground of every uncovering (and covering). Yes, to speak of the nothing is, in a sense, to uncover it, but it is also to cover it, to left unspoken an immense realm that is 'there.' I would even argue that your missing this point--of the counter-essence of truth, which is essential to understanding Heidegger's move away from his earlier 'metaphysic--is central to your final claim that Heidegger's "reduction" comes with a high price. It is exactly the essence/counter-essence of truth that restores the intrinsic relation between being and beings.
3.1.2007 4:26am
Kevin Winters (mail) (www):
Quick correction: you did not 'miss' that quote per se, but you did miss the significance of it in light of Heidegger's later thought.
3.1.2007 4:27am
Bill Vallicella (mail) (www):
Kevin,

I don't think you understand my argument. Very simply: No Being, no beings. No Dasein, no Being (because Being is only in the understanding of Being.) Therefore, no Dasein, no beings.
3.1.2007 9:58am
Kevin Winters (mail) (www):
Yes, no beings, but not no entities (according to Heidegger's distinction). Being is always the being of beings, but entities are that which exist outside of any given world. Again, in line with his later thought, entities are essentially no-things--infinite possibilities that are only made definite (or are, in Heidegger's special sense of that term) by being disclosed within some world. But even this disclosure points to the excess, the un-said that we can coherently say exists without Dasein.
3.4.2007 6:26pm
Bill Vallicella (mail) (www):
A being just is an entity. Both words translate das Seiende. Das Sein ist immer das Sein eines Seienden: Being is always the Being of beings. Being is that which makes beings be. Therefore, no Being, no beings.

It is also a mistake on your part to interpret the Heidegger of 1927 in terms of his later post-Kehre position.
3.6.2007 7:35am
Kevin Winters (mail) (www):
But if we accept Heidegger's claim that being (Sein) is not a being (Seienden), then your claim that "being just is an entity" is wrong, a category mistake (metaphysics). Being is always the being of entities, so there is a distinction. Without a being that has a world, there would be entities, but not the being of entities.

I was not trying to interpret Being and Time through Heidegger's later thought. I was trying to point out a continuity and expansion of the earlier thought in his later work. Either way, if we do look at his later thought then Heidegger would agree with you: no Being, no-thing (as the positive excess). But then we still do not have a problem: Heidegger can coherently claim that without man there would be entities, though there would be no being of entities.
3.8.2007 4:34am
Bill Vallicella (mail) (www):
I don't like to be rude, but you are being quite dense. You didn't even bother to quote me correctly. I said above "A being just is an entity." I did not say that Being is just an entity.

I can see that discussing this with you will be a waste of time.
3.8.2007 2:56pm
Clark Goble (mail) (www):
Just a few thoughts.

First, there is a distinct (and since Richardson's Through Phenomenology to Thought perhaps common) reading of Heidegger that sees the Kehr as more of a change of emphasis than a change of "dogma." Which isn't to dispute some differences, just that arguing any reading of 1927 documents in terms of post Kehr documents isn't really a response likely to persuade many people. There are a lot of people who read Heidegger's middle period writings in terms of his later writings and see no problem with it.

To the other point I completely agree with your distinction. (I really enjoyed your paper, btw - sorry for not having time to say such) Roughly the problem Kevin is missing is that something has to ground the ontic existence of beings. For Aristotle this was the discussion of being. Heidegger probably influenced by Kant as much as Aristotle is adopting a quasi-idealism where being is the grounding of things as ideas. Thus he moves a discussion of being in terms of truth (although I'm not sure it works as a reduction given his analysis of semblance or roughly the being of a lie).

The question, especially for those like Mark Wrathall, Taylor Carman, or myself who take Heidegger as an ontic realist, is what grounds the ontic beings which we take Heidegger being a realist towards. It seems to me that the serious question you raise simply isn't addressed by Heidegger.

Part of this is the unfortunate ambiguity of the various forms of "to be" in German and English. I think this might be true of your paper as well even though I acknowledge a real issue you bring up.

So I'm still thinking through it. Out of curiosity have you read Carman's Heidegger's Analytic where he addresses several readings of this passage that seem to bear on your paper. (Starting roughly around page 250)
3.9.2007 2:31pm
Clark Goble (mail) (www):
To add. I think Heidegger's main focus is in what enables beings to be meaningful to us. Carman has a great passage from History of the Concept of Time that seems relevant. (I don't have the text, so I can only go by Carman)


Nature is what is in principle explainable and to be explained because it is in principle unintelligible; it is the unintelligible pure and simple, and it is the unintelligible because it is the deworlded world, if we take nature in this exteme sense of entities as they are uncovered in physics. (Prolegomena zur Geschichte des Zeitbegriffs, 298, eng. tr. History of the Concept of Time quote in Carman 197)


One can't help but note the parallel to Kant and the things-in-themselves.

I suspect that the answer to the problem you raise in your paper is akin to asking within Kantianism about what grounds things-in-themselves.
3.9.2007 2:35pm
Clark Goble (mail) (www):
BTW - is there any chance for a rss feed for comments?
3.9.2007 2:36pm
Bill Vallicella (mail) (www):
Clark,

Thanks for jumping in here. You write, "I think Heidegger's main focus is in what enables beings to be meaningful to us." That's right, that is his main focus. He is a phenomenologist after all, and one operating within the transcendental perspective of Kant. One could say that Being is the transcendental enabler of the meaningfulness of beings. But in the early Heidegger Being is also that which makes beings be. This leads to problems, however, since Heidegger ties Being to Dasein's understanding (of) Being.

There is a parallel with Kant and the Ding an sich. I published a paper in IPQ years ago on Kant, Heidegger and the Problem of the Thing in itself.

Do you know how to convert a photocopy into a pdf file?

I don't know about rss feed in general let alone for comments.
3.9.2007 7:13pm
Clark Goble (mail) (www):
Acrobat will convert photocopies into PDFs. If you have a scanner it should have software that will do this either directly or indirectly via OCR. If you need something converted I could do it although I don't know if BYU will have the paper you wrote here.

My sense is that while I agree with you as to what Heidegger does I'm still not convinced it causes the problems you suggest. I'm still thinking through the contradiction you raise and will hopefully comment on it later this weekend. (I don't want to react in a hasty fashion)

I know that Derrida argues that differance is different from Heidegger's sense of being. Even if it functions in a similar fashion. I wouldn't be at all surprised if there were three complete senses of being demanded by Heidegger's discourse. (I recognize raising Derrida won't endear me to you - but ignoring the later Derrida of the 70's through 90's the early works are interesting even if one disagrees with them)

I raise this up not to confuse matters. (Although I recognize the names carry negative weight to many) Merely to ask whether Derrida's approach offers a way of thinking through this. After all for all their many faults the neoPlatonists offered many interesting attempts to reconcile Aristotle and Plato - especially the concept of matter in the Timaeus. I halfway wonder if for the problems you raise if there isn't something pointed in this manner.

On the other hand you might pose a problem insolvable for me and lead me to abandon Continental philosophy entirely and make me weep at all the thousands of dollars I spent on the books in my library. (grin)

I think relative to Heidegger and Kant though that Heidegger just isn't interested in what grounds things ontically. But I agree then that this entails an odd equivocation over being relative to realists like Aristotle. My sense then is that Heidegger while he uses "to be" relative to ontic grounds doesn't mean them as being. But this does mean there is a huge oversight for Heidegger. He takes beings as occurent without wondering why except in terms of their transcendent (for consciousness) natures. But their natures in themselves seem left for science which I don't think is quite up to the task.

Anyway, enough typing. I'm still thinking through this and will comment later...
3.9.2007 9:06pm
Clark Goble (mail) (www):
Just a note, someone sent me a link to this paper that argues for a deflationary reading of Heidegger (ala Fine). I'm not sure I buy that reading but it does resolve the problem you raise. Since I'm much more partial to the realist reading of Heidegger it seems to me that the problem you pose remains a problem.
3.10.2007 1:16pm
Bill Vallicella (mail) (www):
Clark,

Thanks for these comments. I've been rereading some Levinas. He has an interesting critique of Heidegger near the beginning of Totality and Infinity as I'm sure you already know. I think what he is saying is consistent with what I am saying above.
3.12.2007 8:44pm
Clark Goble (mail) (www):
Yes, when I introduce Derrida he's largely following Levinas, albeit with some serious changes. (See "Violence and Metaphysics", written before his "demonstrative" period so it is fairly clear - Derrida successfully argues that Levinas's attempt at unmediated contact fails.) The main reason I disagree with Levinas (other than what I see as problems in how he reads Heidegger) is that I find Levinas' solution as already existing in a quasi-developed form in Heidegger.

But Heidegger's big problem is a linguistic one. i.e. even if there are different concepts in his text he grasps for a language to reach it. Thus the later distinction between Beyn and Being. Even though I recognize you see reading these later distinctions into his earlier texts as problematic. I think the distinctions are there, just not clearly made.
3.13.2007 11:42am
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